We hope that this review will inspire the design of novel stimuli-responsive membranes to promote sustainable development and make progress toward commercialization. This review offers critical insights for the membrane and broader materials science communities regarding the on-demand and dynamic control of membrane structures and properties. Smart applications for separations are also reviewed as well as a discussion of remaining challenges and future prospects in this exciting field. This review also focuses on strategies to prepare stimuli-responsive membranes, including blending, casting, polymerization, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Special attention is given to stimuli-responsive control of membrane pore structure (pore size and porosity/connectivity) and surface properties (wettability, surface topology, and surface charge), from the perspective of determining the appropriate membrane properties and microstructures. Download scientific diagram Analogous structures in carbon nanotubes and cellular organelles. The most commonly utilized stimuli, including light, pH, temperature, ions, and electric and magnetic fields, are discussed in detail. When they look at every level of how living systems are organized, biologists see the mark of past and. The evidence of evolution is deep and far-reaching. This review summarizes and discusses important developments and achievements in stimuli-responsive membranes. Evidence for Evolution: Analogous and Homologous Structures fossil record, homologous structure, analogous structure, vestigial structure, evolution Evolution Unit. Bat and bird wings are structurally similar. Analogous structures are those that resemble or function similarly to those found in unrelated animals. Further conferring membranes with stimuli responsiveness can allow them to dynamically tune their pore structure and/or surface properties for efficient separation performance. The distinction between homologous and analogous structures is as follows: Homologous structures are those that resemble or operate differently than those found in related creatures. ![]() ![]() Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high energy efficiency and small environmental impact.
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